Vitalik: ZK alone cannot provide Post-Quantum Security; it needs to be combined with additional techniques such as FHE.

BlockBeats News, November 11th, ZCash research expert c-node posted, stating, "MPC, tFHE, and TEEs can be used to build privacy applications that ZK cannot achieve, but the privacy strength is weaker. It is recommended to use pure ZK for functions such as payments, transfers, and voting."

Vitalik Buterin replied, stating, "ZK itself cannot provide non-coercion resistance. In scenarios like voting, it still needs to be combined with a trusted party, MPC, FHE, or TEE to achieve this feature. We can improve system security through layered architectures like ZK + FHE, so even if FHE is compromised, all privacy attributes except non-coercion can still be maintained. I suspect a similar situation applies to almost all other cryptographic application scenarios besides zero-knowledge proofs."